Africa and the Curse of Corruption: South Sudan officials embezzle $300m in last 3 months

The UN Commission on Human Rights in South Sudan unearthed the misappropriation of a staggering $36 million since 2016 in the world's youngest and fragile nation.

Most of the embezzlement by senior politicians and government officials with the aid of unnamed international corporations and multinational banks occurred in the ministry of Finance and Economic Planning and the National Revenue Authority. South Sudan’s National Revenue Authority in a recent report to parliament, indicated that over $300 million has gone missing in the last 3 months. 

In a September 24 statement, Yasmin Sooka chair of the UN Commission on Human Rights in South Sudan to the Human Rights Council said the looting and pillage in South Sudan are not just offshoots of the war but might actually be the drivers of the conflict.

 Below is Sooka's statement in full...

Statement by Yasmin Sooka Chair of the UN Commission on Human Rights in South Sudan to the Human Rights Council 

 https://www.ohchr.org/EN/HRBodies/HRC/Pages/NewsDetail.aspx?NewsID=26281&LangID=E#_ftn1

23 September 2020 (Geneva)

Good morning, Mme. President, Members of the Council. I have the pleasure of updating the Council this morning with my colleagues Andrew Clapham and Barney Afako.

South Sudan is a country where lives are being destroyed by financial corruption on an epic scale. Looting and pillage aren’t just offshoots of war – they are arguably the main drivers of the conflict.

At one end of the spectrum, South Sudan’s political elites are fighting for control of the country’s oil and mineral resources, in the process stealing their people’s future. At the other, the soldiers in this conflict over resources are offered the chance to abduct and rape women in lieu of salaries. The eight-year-old girl gang raped in front of her parents is the collateral damage.

The most recent Social Progress Index report looks¹ at the well-being of a society rather than GDP, measuring basic physical needs for life like food and shelter, essential services like health and education, as well as access to fundamental freedoms. South Sudan is almost at the bottom of the global list. To a large extent this is because of the conflict that South Sudan’s elites have imposed on the country. But it’s also a result of the mismanagement of resources.

Our Commission has uncovered brazen embezzlement by senior politicians and Government officials, together with a number of entities linked to the Government. We can reveal the misappropriation of a staggering $36 million US dollars since 2016. It is worth noting this is just what we were able to trace and may not reflect the whole picture.

These represent illicit financial flows from the Ministry of Finance and Economic Planning and the National Revenue Authority. Shockingly, these South Sudanese bodies have been aided and abetted in these crimes by a number of international corporations and multinational banks. Some of this money has been laundered through the purchase of properties abroad. Indeed those properties may well be in your countries.

This should be of grave concern to the Unity Government, the Intergovernmental Authority on Development (IGAD), and the African Union, as well as international donors to South Sudan.

The result is South Sudan’s oil dependent economy is struggling, unable to compensate for the loss in revenue. To give a flavour of what’s going on – a recent report to parliament by South Sudan’s National Revenue Authority indicates that approximately $300 million US dollars have been “lost” in the last three months alone, while the Economic Crisis Management Committee reported that $3.1 million US dollars was “missing” at the Directorate of Nationalities, Passport, and Immigration.

Battered by conflict and corruption, South Sudan has now simply run out of foreign exchange and is unable to prevent the depreciation of their pound. The situation is compounded by the system of dual exchange rates which is abused by political elites who access hard currency at discounted rates, while hyperinflation and the COVID-19 pandemic have deepened poverty for the civilian population. The black-market inflation rates have reached 20+ per cent in just two months.

Layered on top of crisis after crisis comes the COVID-19 pandemic, exposing the structural inequalities that have remained unaddressed for decades. If restrictions on the importation of food continue, and food prices continue to shoot up, there is a possibility of food-related riots or other forms of social unrest.

Madame President, every year I find myself talking about the Revitalised Peace Agreement. But let’s be honest – it’s far from revitalised. Implementation of key areas has stalled, particularly around security sector reform. While the COVID-19 pandemic can take some of the blame, the lack of progress poses a threat to the peace process. This is clear in the escalation in violence in Central Equatoria, Jonglei, Lakes, Unity, Western Bahr el-Ghazal, and Warrap States, and the Greater Pibor Administrative Area. A breakdown in the ceasefire with armed groups in the Equatorias has fuelled the violence and already displaced thousands of South Sudanese civilians.

In this internecine situation, tearing communities apart and fuelling ethnic and religious hatred, women and girls remain the major casualties. The lack of accountability for the serious international crimes being committed demands the attention of Member States of this Council. The African Union and IGAD urgently need to ensure Chapter V of the Revitalised Peace Agreement is implemented and ensure the necessary legislation for establishing the Hybrid Court and the Commission on Truth, Reconciliation, and Healing is enacted, so that the full range of transitional justice measures can be realised. Without this, the cycle of destruction and impunity will not be broken.

After a two-year delay, South Sudan’s leaders finally formed the Unity Government provided for in the Revitalised Peace Agreement. The impasse around the allocation of states and the appointment of State Governors has largely been resolved. However this has been at the cost of women. The Commission notes the spectacular failure of the Unity Government to appoint more women to positions in Government in compliance with the 35 per cent quota set out in the Revitalized Peace agreement. Only a single woman nominated by the SPLM/A-1O has been appointed as a Governor, which violates a key provision of the Peace Agreement to increase the participation of women in government. South Sudanese women are rightly furious about this betrayal.

Madam President, there is a reason for the gender quota – sexual and gender-based violence in South Sudan is extraordinarily high, a situation that has also been exacerbated by the COVID-19 pandemic. Lockdown restrictions, while necessary, also created an environment in which violence against women thrived, including the heinous crimes of sexual slavery, the abduction of women, and the trafficking and sale of children including girls. The Commission received credible reports of the abduction and sale of children in the course of cattle raids in Jonglei State.

Sexual exploitation and abuse by Government officials is rife in South Sudan. The Commission uncovered a sex racket involving Government officials’ exploitation of young girls. Nothing illustrates better the total impunity that exists for sexual and gender-based crimes in South Sudan. We have been told by community activists of an increase in unwanted pregnancies arising from the rape of young women allegedly by senior Government officials.

Sexual and gender-based violence against women and girls of all ages in South Sudan is relentless. The on-going conflicts in places like Central Equatoria, Jonglei, Lakes, Unity, Western Bahr el-Ghazal, and Warrap States have seen abductions of women and girls who are either forced into marriage or become sexual slaves. Young men are recruited to fight on the basis that they are free to kidnap women and girls in forced marriage or as sexual slaves. In a country where the bride price is exorbitant in terms of cattle, the freedom to abduct young girls and force them into marriage is a terrible incentive to commit abduction and rape with no fear of consequences.

We heard credible reports of girl children as young as eight years old suffering multiple forms of rape and sexual violence. In many cases the parents and family members have been forced to watch as they are gang raped by multiple perpetrators.

While some initiatives try to provide psychosocial support to survivors, the sheer scale of the need is overwhelming for those trying to help. The Commission was told that this a war against women and girls and their bodies. It is fuelled by plunder – the proceeds of which are in your capitals. It’s time you seized these assets and returned them to the victims. But ensuring South Sudan establishes the Hybrid Court is the only way to end this crisis definitively. The eight-year-old victim needs to grow up in a world where the men who raped her will be prosecuted.

1The Social Progress Imperative is a global non-profit based in Washington, D.C., (USA) which produces the Social Progress Index; it is a new way to measure the real quality of life, independent of economic indicators. The Social Progress Index is designed to complement, rather than replace, economic measures such as GDP.

Blog post by PonI Victoria

 

Communications Officer

Following the gang-rape of an 8-year-old girl in Juba, South Sudan, young women activists took to the streets to protest and to demand justice. They marched (while physically distancing, wearing facial masks and hand gloves) and carried placards and posters with messages and strong quotes against rape. Some said: “Covid Walk against Rape”, “End rape culture in South Sudan,” “Nurture Peace, Say no to Rape,” and “Justice for Her.” When they reached the Ministry of Gender, Child and Social Welfare, Riya Williams, the Executive Director of Crown the Woman and member of Born to Lead campaign presented a petition and said:

“We demand justice for the 8-year-old girl that was raped and for the many other women and girls who have not yet received justice. We call for a special tribunal to bring justice to victims of rape and other forms of sexual violence. The President committed to this and we are demanding that implementation starts without delay— as justice delayed is justice denied.”

The case of the 8-year-old girl, shocking as it is, is just one example of the violence so many South Sudanese women and girls encounter in their daily lives. Indeed, rates of sexual and gender-based violence (SGBV) are extremely high in South Sudan. Many cases are linked to conflict. Recently, civil society organizations in Yei reported that 19 women and girls had been gang-raped in the context of continued conflict. The ceasefire monitoring mechanism also recently accused government forces of committing violent rapes in Rubeke, Central Equatoria. As in many countries, in South Sudan measures to contain COVID-19, such as lockdowns and movement restrictions, are triggering an increase in incidents of gender-based violence.

A woman demonstrating in South Sudan. Photo by Ponl Victoria

A woman demonstrating in South Sudan. Photo by Ponl Victoria

Oxfam in South Sudan is working to empower women, to promote dialogue about gender issues, and to ensure that through our interventions, we contribute to transforming practices such as early and forced marriage and sexual violence that violate women’s rights. We are also working to provide support to women’s organizations and platforms that will ensure their voices are heard.

One of these platforms is Peace of Her Mind, an Oxfam-supported radio program on Eye Radio by women, about women and for women, with discussions on issues that affects the growth of mothers and girls, and the role women play in building a just, and prosperous society. It provides women the space to speak about gender issues and engage with women who can call in from across the country.

It is critical for South Sudanese women to continue raising their voices, speaking out, and fighting for a future where women are free from sexual violence.